The philosophy of liberty

They said it all before us, and said it better. Irksome, but instructive.

Every quotation below has been checked at the source, work and chapter in hand. The apocryphal ones, those lines we lend to great men as banks lend to the rich, have been politely shown the door. Notwithstanding their success on social media.

Where the original is not in English, it is given beneath the translation, with the translator named.

“Why is liberty so rare? Because it is the first of blessings.”

« Pourquoi la liberté est-elle si rare ? Parce qu'elle est le premier des biens. »

“Life, liberty, and property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place.”

« Ce n’est pas parce que les hommes ont édicté des Lois que la Personnalité, la Liberté et la Propriété existent. Au contraire, c’est parce que la Personnalité, la Liberté et la Propriété préexistent que les hommes font des Lois. »

“He who seeks freedom for anything but freedom's self is made to be a slave.”

« Qui cherche dans la liberté autre chose qu’elle-même est fait pour servir. »

Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution, book III, chapter 3 (1856), trans. John Bonner, Harper & Brothers, 1856, p. 204 (original on Wikisource)

“Liberty consists in being able to do anything that does not harm others.”

« La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui. »

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, article 4 (1789), official English translation by the Conseil constitutionnel

“Individual liberty, I repeat, is the true modern liberty.”

« La liberté individuelle, je le répète, voilà la véritable liberté moderne. »

Benjamin Constant, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns (1819), in Political Writings, trans. Biancamaria Fontana, Cambridge University Press, 1988

“Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word: equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude.”

« La démocratie et le socialisme ne se tiennent que par un mot, l'égalité ; mais remarquez la différence : la démocratie veut l'égalité dans la liberté, et le socialisme veut l'égalité dans la gêne et dans la servitude. »

Alexis de Tocqueville, speech on the right to work, Constituent National Assembly, 12 September 1848 (Œuvres complètes, vol. IX, p. 546); translation as quoted by F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944), chapter 2

“The state is the great fictitious entity by which everyone seeks to live at the expense of everyone else.”

« L'État, c'est la grande fiction à travers laquelle tout le monde s'efforce de vivre aux dépens de tout le monde. »

Frédéric Bastiat, “The State”, Journal des débats, September 1848; trans. Seymour Cain, Selected Essays on Political Economy, Foundation for Economic Education, p. 144 (Econlib)

“Sapere aude! Have courage to make use of your own understanding!”

„Sapere aude! Habe Muth dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen!“

Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? (1784), trans. Mary J. Gregor, in Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1996 (German original on Wikisource)

“In fact, the true aim of government is liberty.”

“Finis ergo reipublicae revera libertas est.”

Baruch Spinoza, Theologico-Political Treatise, chapter XX (1670), trans. R. H. M. Elwes, 1883 (English text)

“Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.”

“Individual freedom cannot be reconciled with the supremacy of one single purpose to which the whole society must be entirely and permanently subordinated.”

Friedrich A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (1944), chapter 14, “Material Conditions and Ideal Ends”

“Resolve to serve no more, and you are at once freed.”

« Soyez résolus de ne servir plus, et vous voilà libres. »